Publications

Publication Summary Publication Trends

Refereed Articles

Supervised post-doctoral authors denoted by #; Graduate student authors underlined; Undergraduate authors denoted by *

  1. Kemp, A.C., *Whetstine, E.M., and Ridge, J.C., 2024. Chronology of late Holocene relative sea level change in Boston Harbor. Quaternary Science Reviews 346, 109053. PDF
  2. Upton, M., Parnell, A.C., Kemp, A.C., Ashe, E., McCarthy, G., and Cahill, N., 2024. Noisy input generalized additive models for relative sea-level change along the Atlantic coast of North America. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C qlae044. PDF     
  3. Wilson, G.P., Lloyd, J.M., Khan, N.S., and Kemp, A.C.¸ 2024. Developments in the application of stable carbon isotopes and bulk geochemistry as indicators of relative sea-level change in tidal wetlands and isolation basins. Quaternary Science Reviews 340, 108855. PDF
  4. #Sefton, J., Kemp, A.C., Vane, C.H., Kim, A.W., Bernhardt, C.E., Johnson, J., and Engelhart, S.E., 2024. Taraxerol abundance as a proxy for in-situ mangrove sediment. Organic Geochemistry 104767. PDF
  5. Stearns, R.B., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C., Hill, T.D., Brain, M.J., and Corbett, D.R., 2023. Within‑region replication of late Holocene sea-level change: an example from southern New England, United States. Quaternary Science Reviews 300, 107868. PDF
  6. #Sefton, J.P., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Ellison, J.C., Karegar, M.A., Charley, B., Lapai, S., and McCoy, M.D., 2022. Implications of anomalous relative sea-level rise for the peopling of Remote Oceania. Proceeding of the National Academies of Science 119, e2210863119. PDF
  7. Kemp, A.C., Shaw, T.A., and Piecuch, C.G., 2022. The importance of non-tidal water-level variability for reconstructing Holocene relative sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews 290, 107637. PDF
  8. Khan, N.S., Ashe, E., Moyer, R.P., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Brain, M.J., Toth, L.T., Chappel, A., Christie, M., Kopp, R.E., and Horton, B.P., 2022. Relative sea-level change in South Florida during the past ~5000 years. Global and Planetary Change 103902. PDF
  9. #Sefton, J.P., Kemp, A.C., Elder, K.L., Hansman, R.L., and Roberts, M.L., 2022.  Implications of single step graphitization for reconstructing late Holocene relative sea-level using radiocarbon-dated organic coastal sediment. Radiocarbon. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2022.55. PDF
  10. Kemp, A.C., Vane, C.H., Kim, A.W., Dutton, C.L., Subalusky, A.L., Kemp, S.K., and Parnell, A.C., 2021. Fecal sterols as a potential tool for conservation paleobiology in East Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02328-y. PDF
  11. Choi, J., Nahm, W.H., Jun, C.P., Lee, J.Y., Lee, G.R., Park, B.S., Guan-Hong, L., and Kemp, A.C., 2021. Sea-level fluctuations during the historical period in Gomso Bay, Korea. Marine Geology 442, Pg. 106647. PDF
  12. Piecuch, C.G., Kemp, A.C., Gebbie, G., and Meltzner, A.J., 2021. Climate did not drive Common Era Maldivian sea-level lowstands. Nature Geoscience 14, Pg. 273-275. PDF
  13. Kemp, A.C., Wright, A.J., and Cahill, N., 2020. Enough is enough or more is more? Testing the influence of foraminiferal count size on reconstructions of paleomarsh elevation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 50, Pg. 266-278. PDF
  14. Horton, B.P., Khan, N.S., Cahill, N., Lee, J.S.H., Shaw, T.A., Garner, A.J., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., and Rahmstorf, S., 2020. Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 by expert assessment. Climate and Atmospheric Science 3, 18. PDF
  15. Vane, C.H., Kim, A.W., Hayes-Moss, V., Turner, G.H., Mills, K., Chenery, S.R., Barlow, T.S., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Hill, T.D., Horton, B.P., Brain, M.J., 2020. Organic pollutants, heavy metals and to in oil spill impacted salt marsh sediment cores, Staten Island, New York City. Marine Pollution Bulletin 151, 110721. PDF
  16. Anisfeld, S.C., Kemp, A.C., and O'Connell, J., 2019. Salt marsh migration into lawns revealed by a novel sediment-based approach. Estuaries and Coasts 42, Pg. 1419‐1429. PDF
  17. Kemp, A.C., Vane, C.H., Khan, N.S., Engelhart, S.E., Horton, B.P., Ellison, J.C., Nikitina, D., Smith, S.R., Rodrigues, L.J., and Moyer, R.P., 2019. Testing the utility of geochemical proxies to reconstruct Holocene coastal environments and relative sea level: a case study from Hungry Bay, Bermuda. Open Quaternary 5, Pg. 1‐17. PDF
  18. Ashe, E.L., Cahill, N., Hay, C.C., Khan, N.S., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Horton, B.P., Parnell, A.C., and Kopp, R.E., 2019. Statistical modeling of rates and trends in Holocene relative sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews 204, Pg. 58‐77. PDF
  19. Piecuch, C.G., Huybers, P., Hay, C.C., Kemp, A.C., Little, C.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Ponte, R.M., and Tingley, M.P., 2018. Origin of spatial variation in US East Coast sea-level trends during 1900‐2017. Nature 564, Pg. 400‐404. PDF
  20. Kemp, A.C., Wright, A.J., Edwards, R.J., Barnett, R.L., Brain, M.J., Kopp, R.E., Cahill, N., Horton, B.P., Charman, D., Hawkes, A.D., Hill, T.D., and van de Plassche, O., 2018 Late Holocene relative sea-level change in Newfoundland, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 201, Pg. 89‐110. PDF
  21. Piecuch, C., #Bittermann, K., Kemp, A.C., Ponte, R., Little, C., Engelhart, S.E., and Lentz, S.J., 2018. River discharge effects on the United States Atlantic and Gulf coast mean sea-level changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, Pg. 7729‐7734. PDF
  22. Talke, S.A., Kemp, A.C., and Woodruff, J., 2018. Relative sea level, tides, and extreme water levels in Boston Harbor from 1825 to 2018. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123. PDF
  23. Kemp, A.C., Cahill, N., Engelhart, S.E., Hawkes, A.D., and Wang, K., 2018. Revised estimates of spatially‐variable subsidence during the AD 1700 Cascadia earthquake using a Bayesian foraminiferal transfer function. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, Pg., 654‐673. PDF
  24. Kim, A., Vane, C.H., Moss-Hayes, V., Engelhart, S.E. and Kemp, A.C., 2018. PAH, PCB, TPH and mercury in surface sediments of the Delaware River estuary and Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 129, Pg., 835‐845. PDF
  25. #Bittermann, K., Rahmstorf, S., Kopp, R.E., and Kemp, A.C., 2017. Global mean sea-level rise in a world agreed upon in Paris. Environmental Research Letters 12, 124010. PDF
  26. Gerlach, M.J., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C., Moyer, R.P., Smoak, J., Bernhardt, C.E. and Cahill, N., 2017. Reconstructing Common Era relative sea‐level change on the Gulf coast of Florida. Marine Geology 390, Pg., 254‐269. PDF
  27. Brain, M.J., Kemp, A.C., Hawkes, A.D., Vane, C.H., Cahill, N., Hill, T.D., Engelhart, S.E., Donnelly, J.P., and Horton, B.P., 2017. Exploring mechanisms of compaction in salt‐marsh sediments using Common Era relative sea‐level reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews 167, Pg., 96‐111. PDF
  28. Kemp, A.C., Kegel, J.J., Culver, S.J., Barber, D.C., Mallinson, D.J., Leorri, E., Bernhardt, C.E., Cahill, N., Riggs, S.R., *Woodson, A.L., Mulligan, R.P., and Horton, B.P., 2017. Extended late Holocene relative sea‐level histories for North Carolina, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 160, Pg. 13‐30. PDF
  29. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Nikitina, D., Vane, C.H., Potapova, M., *Weber‐Bruya, E., Culver, S.J., Repkina, T., and Hill, D.F., 2017. The distribution and utility of sea‐level indicators in Eurasian sub-Arctic salt marshes (White Sea, Russia). Boreas 46, Pg., 562‐584. PDF
  30. Kemp, A.C., Wright, A.J., Barnett, R.L., Hawkes, A.D., Charman, D.J., *Sameshima, C., *King, A.N., *Mooney, H.C., Edwards, R.J., Horton, B.P., and van de Plassche, O., 2017. Utility of salt‐marsh foraminifera, testate amoebae and bulk‐sediment δ13C values as sea‐level indicators in Newfoundland, Canada. Marine Micropaleontology 130, Pg. 43‐59. PDF
  31. Kemp, A.C., Hill, T.D., Vane, C.H., Cahill, N., Orton, P.M., Talke, S.A., Andrew C. Parnell, *Sanborn, K., and Hartig, E.K., 2017. Relative sea‐level trends in New York City during the past 1500 years. The Holocene 27, Pg. 1169‐1186. PDF
  32. Anisfeld, S.C., Cooper, K.R. and Kemp, A.C., 2017. Salt‐marsh development at the upland border as a function of land use. Global Change Biology 23, Pg. 755‐766. PDF
  33. Hawkes, A.D., Kemp, A.C., Donnelly, J.P., Horton, B.P., Peltier, W.R., Cahill, N., Hill, D. F., Ashe, E. and Alexander, C.R., 2016 Relative sea‐level change in northeastern Florida (USA) during the last ~8.0 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 142, Pg. 90‐101. PDF
  34. Cahill, N., Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., and Parnell, A.C., 2016. A Bayesian hierarchical model for reconstructing relative sea level: from raw data to rates. Climate of the Past 12, Pg 525‐542. PDF
  35. Kopp, R.E., Kemp, A.C., Bitterman, K., Horton, B.P., Donnelly, J.P., Gehrels, W.R., Hay, C., Mitrovica, J.X., Morrow, E.D., and Rahmstorf, S., 2016. Temperature‐driven global sea‐level variability in the Common Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Pg E1434‐E1441. PDF
  36. Sawai, Y., Horton, B.P., Kemp, A.C., Hawkes, A.D., Nagumo, T., and Nelson, A., 2016. Distribution of modern intertidal diatoms in Oregon and Washington, USA. Diatom Research 31, Pg 17‐38. PDF
  37. Kemp, A.C.Kemp, Dutton, A., and Raymo, M.E., 2015. Paleo constraints on future sea‐level rise. Current Climate Change Reports 1, Pg 205‐215. PDF
  38. Reed, A.J., Mann, M.E., Emanuel, K.A., Lin, N., Horton, B.P., Kemp, A.C., and Donnelly, J.P., 2015. Increasing vulnerability of New York City to coastal flooding from tropical cyclones during the last millennium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, Pg 12610‐12615. PDF
  39. Nikitina, D., Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Horton, B.P., Hill, D.F., and Kopp, R.E., 2015. Sea‐level change and subsidence in the Delaware estuary during the last ~2200 years. Coastal, Estuarine and Shelf Science 164, Pg. 506‐519. PDF
  40. Kemp, A.C., Hawkes, A.D., Donnelly, J.P., Vane, C.H., Horton, B.P., Hill, T.D., Anisfeld, S.C., Parnell, A.C., and Cahill, N., 2015. Relative sea‐level change in Connecticut (USA) during the last 2200 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 428, Pg. 417‐429. PDF
  41. Kopp, R.E., Horton, B.P., Kemp, A.C., and Tebaldi, C., 2015. Past and future sea‐level rise along the coast of North Carolina, United States. Climatic Change 132, Pg. 693‐707. PDF
  42. Lindeman, K.C., Dame, L.E., Avenarius, C.B., Horton, B.P., Donnelly, J.P., Corbett, D.R., Kemp, A.C., Lane, P., Mann, M.E., and Peltier, W.R., 2015. Science needs for sea‐level adaptation planning: comparisons among three U.S. Atlantic coast regions. Coastal Planning 43, Pg. 555‐574. PDF
  43. Cahill, N., Kemp, A.C., Parnell, A.C., and Horton, B.P., 2015. Modeling sea‐level change using errors‐in‐variables integrated Gaussian processes. Annals of Applied Statistics 9, Pg. 547‐571. PDF
  44. Brain, M.R., Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Culver, S.J., Parnell, A.C., and Cahill, N., 2015. Quantifying the contribution of sediment compaction to late Holocene salt‐marsh sea‐level reconstructions. Quaternary Research 83, Pg. 41‐51. PDF
  45. Kemp, A.C., Bernhardt, C.E., Horton, B.P., Kopp, R.E., Vane, C.H., Peltier, W.R., Hawkes, A.D., Donnelly, J.P., Parnell, A.C., and Cahill, N., 2014. Late Holocene sea‐and land‐level change on the U.S. southeastern Atlantic coast. Marine Geology 357, Pg. 90‐100. PDF
  46. van de Plassche, O., Wright, A.J., Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C., Kopp, R.E. and Mallinson, D., 2014. Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch (southeast‐Atlantic coast, USA) using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level. Journal of Quaternary Science 29, Pg. 749‐759. PDF
  47. Pilarczyk, J.E., Dura, T., Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C., and Sawai, Y., 2014. Microfossils from coastal environments as indicators of palaeo‐ earthquakes, tsunamis, and storms. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 413, Pg. 144‐157. PDF
  48. Briggs, R.W., Engelhart, S.E., Nelson, A.R., Dura, T., Kemp, A.C., Haeussler, P.J., Corbett, D.R., Angster, S.J., and Bradley, L.A., 2014. Uplift and subsidence reveal a non‐persistent megathrust rupture boundary (Sitkinak Island, Alaska). Geophysical Research Letters 41, 2014GL059380. PDF
  49. Nikitina, D., Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Vane, C.H., van de Plassche, O., and Engelhart, S.E., 2014. Storm erosion during the past 2000 years along the north shore of Delaware Bay, USA. Geomorphology 208, Pg. 160‐172. PDF
  50. Horton, B.P., Rahmstorf, S., Engelhart, S.E., and Kemp, A.C., 2014. Expert assessment of sea‐level rise by AD 2100 and 2300. Quaternary Science Reviews 84, Pg 1‐6. PDF
  51. Miller, K.G., Kopp, R.E., Horton, B.P., Browning, J.V., and Kemp, A.C., 2013. A geological perspective on sea‐level rise and its impacts along the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast. Earth's Future 1. DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000135. PDF
  52. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Vane, C.H., Bernhardt, C.E., Corbett, D.R., Engelhart, S.E., Anisfeld, S.C., Parnell, A.C., and Cahill, N., 2013. Sea‐level change during the last 2500 years in New Jersey, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 81, Pg. 90‐104. PDF
  53. Kemp, A.C., Telford, R.J., Horton, B.P., Anisfeld, S.C., and Sommerfield, C.K., 2013. Reconstructing Holocene sea level using salt‐marsh foraminifera and transfer functions: lessons from New Jersey, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, Pg. 617‐629. PDF
  54. Kemp, A.C. and Horton, B.P., 2013. Contribution of relative sea‐level rise to historic hurricane flooding in New York City. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, Pg 537‐541. PDF
  55. Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E., Hill, D.F., Kemp, A.C., Nikitina, D., Miller, K. G. and Peltier, W.R., 2013. Influence of tidal‐range change and sediment compaction on Holocene relative sea‐level change in New Jersey, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, Pg. 403‐411. PDF
  56. Kemp, A.C., Engelhart, S.E., Culver, S.J., Nelson, A.R., Briggs, R.W., and Haeussler, P.J., 2013. Modern salt‐marsh and tidal‐flat foraminifera from Sitkinak and Simeonof Islands, southwestern Alaska. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 43, Pg. 83‐94. PDF
  57. Kemp, A.C., Sommerfield, C. K., Vane, C.H., Horton, B.P., Chenery, S., Anisfeld, S.C. and Nikitina, D., 2012. Use of lead isotopes for developing chronologies in recent salt‐marsh sediments. Quaternary Geochronology 12, Pg. 40‐49. PDF
  58. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Vann, D.R., Engelhart, S.E., Grand Pre, C. A., Vane, C.H., Nikitina, D. and Anisfeld, S.C. 2012. Quantitative vertical zonation of salt‐marsh foraminifera for reconstructing former sea level; an example from New Jersey, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 54, Pg. 26‐39. PDF
  59. Kemp, A.C., Vane, C.H., Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E. and Nikitina, D., 2012. Application of stable carbon isotopes for reconstructing salt‐marsh floral zones and relative sea level, New Jersey, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 27, Pg. 404‐414. PDF
  60. Engelhart, S.E., Horton, B.P. and Kemp, A.C., 2011. Holocene sea‐level changes along the United States' Atlantic Coast. Oceanography 24, Pg 70‐79. PDF
  61. Gehrels, W.R., Horton, B.P., Kemp, A.C., Toker, E. and Sivan, D., 2011. Sea‐level records of the last 2000 years hold the key to understanding contemporary and future sea‐level changes. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 92, Pg. 289‐291. PDF
  62. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Donnelly, J.D., Mann, M.E., Vermeer, M. and Rahmstorf, S., 2011. Climate related sea‐level variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, Pg. 11017‐11022. PDF
  63. Kemp, A.C., Buzas, M.A., Horton, B.P. and Culver, S.J., 2011. Influence of patchiness on modern salt‐marsh foraminifera used in sea‐level studies (North Carolina, USA). Journal of Foraminiferal Research 41, Pg. 114‐123. PDF
  64. Kemp, A.C., Vane, C., Horton, B.P. and Culver, S.J., 2010. Stable carbon isotopes as potential sea level indicators in salt marshes, North Carolina, USA. The Holocene 20, Pg. 623‐636. PDF
  65. Zong, Y., Kemp, A.C., Yu, F., Lloyd, J.M., Huang, G. and Yim, W.W.S., 2010. Diatoms from the Pearl River estuary, China and their suitability as water salinity indicators for coastal environments. Marine Micropaleontology 75, Pg. 38‐49. PDF
  66. Horton, B.P., Peltier, W.R., Culver, S.J., Drummond, R., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C., Mallinson, D., Thieler, E.R., Riggs, S.R. and Ames, D.V., 2009. Holocene sea‐level changes along the North Carolina Coastline: Implications for glacial isostatic adjustment models and current rates of sea level change. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, Pg. 1725‐1736. PDF
  67. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Culver, S.J., Corbett, D.R., van de Plassche, O., Gehrels, W.R. Douglas, B.D. and Parnell, A., 2009. The timing and magnitude of recent accelerated sea‐level rise (North Carolina, USA). Geology 37, Pg. 1035‐1038. PDF
  68. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P. and Culver, S.J., 2009. Distribution of modern salt‐marsh foraminifera in the Albemarle‐Pamlico estuarine system of North Carolina: implications for sea‐level research. Marine Micropaleontology 72, Pg. 222‐238. PDF
  69. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Corbett, D.R., Culver, S.J., Edwards, R. J. and van de Plassche, O., 2009. The relative utility of foraminifera and diatoms for reconstructing late Holocene relative sea‐level change in North Carolina, USA. Quaternary Research 71, Pg. 9‐21. PDF
  70. Horton, B.P., Whittaker, J.E., Thompson, K.H., Hardbattle, M.I.J., Kemp, A.C., Woodroffe, S.A. and Wright, M.R., 2004. The development of a modern foraminiferal data set for sea‐level reconstructions. Wakatobi Marine National Park, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 35, Pg. 1‐14. PDF

    Book Chapters

  71. Gehrels, W.R. and Kemp, A.C., 2021. Salt marshes as recorders of Holocene sea-level rise. In Fitzgerald, D. and Hughes, Z. (eds.) Salt Marshes, Pg. 225-256, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Full length, illustrated chapter.
  72. Kemp, A.C. and Horton, B.P., 2020.  Time and tide wait for no man.  In Culver, S.J. (ed.) Troubled Waters: Understanding The Science Behind Our Coastal Crisis, Pg.33-53, Springer Climate. Full length, illustrated chapter.
  73. Kemp, A.C. and Telford, R.J., 2015. Transfer functions. In Shennan, I., Long, A.J. and Horton B.P. (eds.) Handbook for sea‐level research, Pg. 470‐499, Wiley‐Blackwell. Full length, illustrated chapter. PDF
  74. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E., 2013. Late Quaternary relative sea‐level changes at mid latitudes. In Elias, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 4, Pg. 489‐494, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Full length, illustrated chapter. PDF
  75. Kemp, A.C., Nelson, A.R. and Horton, B.P., 2013. Radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossils from salt marsh sediments. In Schroder, J.F. (ed.) Treatise on Geomorphology, 14, Pg. 370‐388. Academic Press, San Diego. Full length, illustrated chapter. PDF
  76. Horton, B.P., Engelhart, S.E., Kemp, A.C. and Sawai, Y., 2013 Microfossils in tidal settings as indicators of sea‐level change, paleoearthquakes, tsunamis and tropical cyclones. In Schroder, J.F. (ed.) Treatise on Geomorphology, 14, Pg. 292‐314. Academic Press, San Diego. Full length, illustrated chapter. PDF

    Other Publications

  77. Barnett, R.L., Kemp, A.C., and Gehrels, W.R., 2019. Late Holocene sea level. PAGES Magazine 27, Pg. 8‐9.
  78. Garner, A.J., Kopp, R.E., Horton, B.P., Mann, M.E., Alley, R.B., Emanuel, K.A., Lin, N., Donnelly, J.P., Kemp, A.C., DeConto, R., and Pollard, D., 2018. New York City's evolving flood risk from hurricanes and sea-level rise. CLIVAR Exchanges 16, Pg. 30‐35.
  79. DeConto, R., Fitzgerald, D., Hay, C., Hughes, Z., Kemp, A.C., and Kopp, R.E., 2016. Sea Level Rise. In Boston Research Advisory Group. Climate ready Boston: Climate change and sea‐level rise projections for Boston. 54p.
  80. Horton, B.P., Rahmstorf, S., Engelhart, S.E., and Kemp, A.C., 2014. Reply to J.M. Gregory et al. comment regarding "Expert assessment of future sea‐level rise by 2100 and 2300 AD". Quaternary Science Reviews 97, Pg. 195‐196. PDF
  81. Kemp, A.C., Horton, B.P., Donnelly, J.D., Mann, M.E., Vermeer, M. and Rahmstorf, S., 2011. Reply to Grinsted et al.; estimating land subsidence in North Carolina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, Pg. E783. PDF